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Corylus colurna, the Turkish hazel, is a deciduous tree native plant to Eurasia.
The leaf are deciduous, rounded, long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a coarsely double-serrate to shallowly lobed margin. The buds are ovoid, pale brown. The are produced in late winter or early spring before the leaves; the species is monoecy, with the individual single-sex, but both sexes on the same tree (and often on the same twig); the male catkins are conspicuous, pale yellow and 5–10 cm long, the female very small and inconspicuous, largely concealed in the buds, with only the bright red 1–3 mm long carpel visible.
The fruit is a nut and may be known as the Turkish hazel nut, Turkish nut, or Constantinople nut. It is about 1–2 cm long, surrounded by a thick, softly spiny and bristly involucre (husk) 3 cm diameter, which encloses all but the tip of the nut; the nuts are borne in tight clusters of 3–8 together, with the involucres fused at the base. The fruit matures in September to October and is edible. Its taste is very similar to Corylus avellana, but it is smaller and has a thicker nut shell. They are occasionally gathered from the wild as well as from urban trees, but their small size (smaller than common hazel nuts) and very hard, thick nut shell (3 mm thick) makes them of little or no commercial value. Corylus colurna is however important in commercial hazelnut , as it does not Basal shoot, making it the ideal rootstock on which to grafting the nut-bearing common hazel . Nut production is irregular and occurs every two to three years Turkish Hazel. (n.d.) The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. (1970-1979). Retrieved 26 February 2014 from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Turkish+Hazel
There are no serious pests or problems with C. colurna.
Corylus colurna is not easily transplantable and will need extra watering in summer after transplanting. It will take about two years after transplant for the tree to become established and survive on its own.Phillips, L. (2002, July). Turkish Hazelnut. (Tree of the Month). Arbor Age, 22(7), 38. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA89379137&v=2.1&u=sunycesfsc&it=r&p=PPAG&sw=w&asid=48a6ee3d38e80930f3a4add21f707a6d
Corylus colurna has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
==Gallery==
Root
Corylus colurna has fibrous roots. The roots are not Adventitiousness, meaning they do not form suckers. This makes C. colurna desirable for grafting on the rootstock over a single stemmed trees. This allows it to be grown in poorer and rocky soils.Nikolva, M. (2007). Experimental results on variety-rootstock interaction in filbert culture. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 35(2), 82-87.
Cultivation
Corylus colurna has a medium growth rate. It is occasionally drought tolerant and alkaline soil tolerant. However, it prefers moist, well-drained soil, as well as full sun. Once established C. colurna is tolerant of heat, cold, and drought.
Propagation
The most common form of propagation is by seed. It is best sown as soon as it is harvested in autumn in a cold frame. The seed will germinate in late winter or spring. If starting with a stored seed, the seed should be pre-soaked in warm water for 48 hours and then given 2 weeks warm followed by 3 to 4 months cold stratification. This will allow the seed to germinate in 1 to 6 months if kept at 20 °C. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle, pick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame or sheltered place outdoors for their first winter. The seedlings can be planted into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer.L. (2013). Corylus colurna turkish hazel pfaf plant database. Retrieved from http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Corylus colurna
Uses
Besides its use as a single-stem rootstock for Corylus avellana, C. colurna is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in Europe and North America. It is very tolerant of difficult growing conditions in urban area situations, which in recent decades has increased its popularity in civic planting schemes. Turkish hazel makes a good shade tree since it produces dense shade, and its narrow crown and ability to withstand air pollution make it well suited for use as a street tree in urban areas, or a specimen tree in parks. It makes a rather formal statement in the landscape due to the tight, consistently-shaped, narrow crown. Other landscape uses for C. colurna are for fruit, difficult and dry sites, and naturalistic areas.
Related species
Similar species Corylus jacquemontii, once considered as a variety of Coryllus colurna, is found growing wild in the forests of Western Himalayan range in the north Indian state of Himachal Pradesh particularly in the temperate regions of districts of Kullu, Shimla, Kinnaur district and Chamba district.Gupta and Sharma(2016). Site and stand characteristics of hazelnut bearing forests in temperate region of Himachal Pradesh.International Journal of Farm Sciences'. Vol:6,Issue:1.http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijfs&volume=6&issue=1&article=040 Novotný et. al.: Katalog taxonů introdukovaných dřevin s potenciálem lesnického využití na stanovištích s nižší dostupností vláhy, 2022
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